Constrictive pericarditis with extensive calcification and caseous necrosis

Abstract Constrictive pericarditis is a disease where loss of pericardial elasticity and restriction of filling of the cardiac chambers occurs. It is most often seen as an associated symptom of heart failure. Pericardiectomy provides effective treatment for patients with symptomatic constrictive pericarditis, although high rates of morbidity and mortality are related to the procedure. We present a case with extensive calcification, massive caseous necrosis and an important impairment of right ventricular function successfully operated in our institution.

Cardiovascular risk and bipolar disorder: factors associated with a positive coronary calcium score in patients with bipolar disorder type 1

Objective: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with positive coronary calcium score (CCS) in individuals with bipolar disorder type 1. Methods: Patients from the Bipolar Disorder Program at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, underwent computed tomography scanning for calcium score measurement. Clinical and sociodemographic variables were compared between patients according to their CCS status: negative (CCS = 0) or positive (CCS > 0). Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the association of CCS with number of psychiatric hospitalizations. Results: Out of 41 patients evaluated, only 10 had a positive CCS. Individuals in the CCS-positive group were older (55.2±4.2 vs. 43.1±10.0 years; p = 0.001) and had more psychiatric hospitalizations (4.7±3.0 vs. 2.6±2.5; p = 0.04) when compared with CCS- negative subjects. The number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations correlated positively with CCS (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Age and number of psychiatric hospitalizations were significantly associated with higher CCS, which might be a potential method for diagnosis and stratification of cardiovascular disease in bipolar patients. There is a need for increased awareness of risk assessment in this population.

Correlação entre Índice de Cálcio Cardíaco e Doença Arterial Coronariana / Correlation Between Cardiac Calcium Index and Coronary Artery Disease

Introdução: Depósitos valvares de cálcio quantificados por ecocardiografia transtorácica estão associados à presença de doença aterosclerótica sistêmica, embora seu valor prognóstico e a influência de fatores de risco cardiovascular associados ainda não estejam definidos. Objetivos: Correlacionar o índice de calcificação cardíaca valvar pela ecocardiografia transtorácica com fatores de risco cardiovascular e presença de doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Métodos: Foram selecionados 203 pacientes (61,2 ± 14,3 anos; 57,6% do sexo feminino) que realizaram ecocardiografia transtorácica com quantificação do índice de cálcio cardíaco. A presença ou não de DAC, hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia e tabagismo foi avaliada. Resultados: Idade acima de 65 anos (p < 0,001) e presença de HAS (p < 0,001) mostraram correlação significativa com a presença de calcificação cardíaca, enquanto que o DM (p = 0,056) e a DAC (p = 0,08) apresentaram apenas uma tendência a se correlacionar com a mesma. A calcificação isolada da valva mitral mostrou correlação significativa com idade acima de 65 anos (p < 0,001), presença de DAC (p = 0,004), HAS (p = 0,054) e DM (p = 0,07), sendo que na análise multivariada a DAC (odds ratio [OR] 3,39, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,58-7,29, p = 0,002) e idade > 65 anos (OR 1,05, IC95% 1,02-1,08, p = 0,003) mostraram correlação significativa e independente com calcificação mitral. A calcificação isolada da valva aórtica não mostrou correlação com a presença de DAC (p = 0,435), mas apresentou uma correlação significativa com idade acima de 65 anos (p < 0,001) e HAS (p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada, apenas a idade (OR 1,1 IC95% 1,06-1,14, p < 0,001) manteve uma correlação independente e significativa com calcificação aórtica. Conclusão: Idade acima de 65 anos e hipertensão arterial sistêmica foram fatores de risco independentes para a presença de calcificação cardíaca valvar, sendo que a calcificação isolada da valva mitral esteve associada de forma significativa e independente com a presença de DAC

Introduction: Valvular deposits of calcium quantified by transthoracic echocardiography are associated with the occurrence of systemic atherosclerotic disease, but its prognostic value and influence of associated cardiovascular risk factors have not been defined yet. Objectives: To correlate the valvular cardiac calcium index by transthoracic echocardiography with cardiovascular risk factors and presence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: We selected 203 patients (61.2 ± 14.3 years; 57.6% females) who underwent transthoracic echocardiography with cardiac calcium index quantification. The presence or absence of CAD, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and smoking was assessed. Results: Age above 65 years (p < 0.001) and the presence of hypertension (p < 0.001) showed a significant correlation with the presence of cardiac calcification, whereas DM (p = 0.056) and CAD (p = 0.08) showed only a trend toward a correlation with calcification. Mitral valve calcification alone correlated significantly with age above 65 years (p < 0.001), presence of CAD (p = 0.004), hypertension (p = 0.054), and DM (p = 0.07). On multivariate analysis, CAD (odds ratio [OR] 3.39, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.58-7.29, p = 0.002) and age > 65 years (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08, p = 0.003) correlated significantly and independently with mitral valve calcification. Aortic valve calcification alone showed no correlation with the presence of CAD (p = 0.435), but correlated significantly with age above 65 years (p < 0.001) and hypertension (p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, only age (OR 1.1, 95%CI 1.06-1.14, p < 0.001) remained independently and significantly correlated with aortic calcification. Conclusion: Age above 65 years and hypertension were independent risk factors for the presence of valvular cardiac calcification, with mitral valve calcification alone emerging as significantly and independently associated with the presence of CAD

Aterectomia rotacional multiarterial em lesão de tronco de coronária esquerda seguida de implante de stents / Multivessel rotational atherectomy in left main coronary artery lesion followed by stent implantation

Paciente com 82 anos, portadora de múltiplas comorbidades, com angina do peito apesar de terapia medicamentosa otimizada. Submetida à coronariografia, que evidenciou doença triarterial com envolvimento do tronco da coronária esquerda e intensa calcificação das artérias coronárias. A cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica foi contraindicada, sendo encaminhada para intervenção coronária percutânea, realizada em dois tempos, com intervalo de 15 meses. Primeiramente, a coronária esquerda foi abordada, realizando-se aterectomia rotacional no tronco da coronária esquerda, artérias descendente anterior e circunflexa, com implante de cinco stents farmacológicos com sucesso. Posteriormente, a coronária direita foi tratada com aterectomia rotacional e implante de quatro stents farmacológicos, também com sucesso

A 82-year-old patient with multiple comorbidities and angina, in spite of optimal drug therapy, was submitted to coronary angiography, which showed three-vessel disease with left main coronary artery involvement and severe coronary artery calcification. Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery was contraindicated and the patient was referred for percutaneous coronary intervention, which was carried out in two stages, with a 15-month interval between them. Firstly, the left coronary artery was treated and rotational atherectomy was performed in the left main coronary artery, left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries, with successful implantation of five drug-eluting stents. Subsequently, the right coronary artery was treated with rotational atherectomy, and four drug-eluting stents were also successfully implanted

Associação entre calcificações arteriais mamárias e fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular em mulheres menopausadas / Association between breast arterial calcifications and cardiovascular risk factors in menopausal women

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de calcificações arteriais em mamografias de mulheres menopausadas e a sua associação com fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal e retrospectivo, em que foram analisados as mamografias e os prontuários médicos de 197 pacientes atendidas no período entre 2004 e 2005. As variáveis do estudo foram: calcificação arterial mamária, acidente vascular cerebral, síndrome coronariana aguda, idade, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Para a análise estatística dos dados, utilizaram-se os testes de Mann-Whitney, χ2 e Cochran-Armitage, sendo também avaliadas as razões de prevalência entre as variáveis descritas e calcificação arterial mamária. Os dados foram analisados com o software SAS, versão 9.1. RESULTADOS: Dos 197 exames e prontuários analisados, observou-se a prevalência de 36,6% para calcificações arteriais nas mamografias. Entre os fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular avaliados, os mais frequentes foram: hipertensão (56,4%), obesidade (31,9%), tabagismo (15,2%) e diabetes (14,7%). A síndrome coronariana aguda e o acidente vascular cerebral tiveram prevalências de 5,6 e 2,0% respectivamente. Entre as mamografias de mulheres diabéticas, a maior ocorrência foi de calcificação arterial mamária com razão de prevalência de 2,1 (IC95%1,0-4,1) e valor p de 0,02. Por outro lado, nas mamografias de pacientes fumantes, foi menor a ocorrência de calcificação arterial mamária com razão de prevalência de 0,3 (IC95% 0,1-0,8). Hipertensão arterial sistêmica, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, acidente vascular cerebral e síndrome coronariana aguda não apresentaram ...

PURPOSE: To analyze associations between mammographic arterial mammary calcifications in menopausal women and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study, in which we analyzed the mammograms and medical records of 197 patients treated between 2004 and 2005. Study variables were: breast arterial calcifications, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and hypertension. For statistical analysis, we used the Mann-Whitney, χ2 and Cochran-Armitage tests, and also evaluated the prevalence ratios between these variables and mammary artery calcifications. Data were analyzed with the SAS version 9.1 software. RESULTS: In the group of 197 women, there was a prevalence of 36.6% of arterial calcifications on mammograms. Among the risk factors analyzed, the most frequent were hypertension (56.4%), obesity (31.9%), smoking (15.2%), and diabetes (14.7%). Acute coronary syndrome and stroke presented 5.6 and 2.0% of prevalence, respectively. Among the mammograms of women with diabetes, the odds ratio of mammary artery calcifications was 2.1 (95%CI 1.0-4.1), with p-value of 0.02. On the other hand, the mammograms of smokers showed the low occurrence of breast arterial calcification, with an odds ratio of 0.3 (95%CI 0.1-0.8). Hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, stroke and acute coronary syndrome were not significantly associated with breast arterial calcification. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of breast arterial calcification was associated with diabetes mellitus and was negatively associated with smoking. The presence of calcification was independent of the other risk factors for cardiovascular disease analyzed. .

Association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and aortic valve sclerosis / Asociación de hiperostosis esquelética idiopática difusa y esclerosis valvular aórtica

The principal objective of this investigation was to analyze the association between diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and the presence of aortic valve sclerosis (AVS). For this study we used results from 1000 consecutive outpatients (473 males), older than 50 years of age (average 67.6 years), that had been examined with Doppler echocardiogram and anterior and lateral chest radiographs. Overall, 195 patients (19.5%) were diagnosed with DISH and 283 (28.3%) with AVS. DISH was more prevalent than AVS in males (66.7% vs. 42.6%, p< 0.0001) and in older patients (73.6 ± 9 years vs. 66.1 ± 9 years, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, 55.4% of patients with dorsal DISH presented aortic sclerosis calcification vs. 21.7% of patients free of DISH (OR = 4.47; 95% CI = 3.22-6.21). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated by sex and age resulting in 3.04 (95% CI = 2.12-4.36; p < .0001). A statistically significant association was found between DISH and AVS in accordance to age and sex. The biological plausibility of this association is based on similar risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms and vascular complications.

El objetivo principal fue analizar la asociación entre la hiperostosis esquelética idiopática difusa (DISH) y la presencia de esclerosis valvular aórtica (AVS). Se evaluaron los resultados de 1000 pacientes ambulatorios consecutivos (473 varones), mayores de 50 años (promedio, 67.6 años), que habían sido examinados con un ecocardiograma Doppler y radiología torácica anterior y lateral. Globalmente, 195 pacientes (19.5%) tuvieron diagnóstico de DISH y 283 (28.3%) de AVS. DISH fue más prevalente que AVS en varones (66.7% vs. 42.6%, p < 0.0001) y en pacientes de mayor edad (73.6 ± 9 años vs. 66.1 ± 9 años, p < 0.0001). Además, 55.4% de los pacientes con DISH dorsal presentaron AVS vs. 21.7% de los pacientes sin DISH (OR = 4.47; 95% CI = 3.22-6.21). El odds ratio (OR) ajustado por sexo y edad fue 3.04 (95% CI = 2.12-4.36; p < 0.0001). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre DISH y AVS, que se mantuvo después de ajustar por sexo y edad. La plausibilidad biológica de esta asociación se basa en los factores de riesgo, mecanismos patogénicos y complicaciones vasculares compartidos.

Correlação da calcificação arterial coronária e necesidade de revascularização em pacientes sem diagnóstico prévio de doença arterial coronariana / Correlation of coronary artery calcification and necessity of coronary revascularization in patients without prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease

Introdução: Cerca de metade das mortes por doença coronariana (DAC) não são precedidas por sintomas cardíacos ou diagnóstico prévio. A quantificação da calcificação arterial coronariana (CAC) por tomografia é um preditor de eventos e reestratifica o risco de ocorrência desses eventos baseado no Escore de Risco de Framingham. Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade do escore de cálcio de predizer revascularização em pacientes (pts) sem o diagnóstico prévio de DAC. Método: Estudo retrospectivo em pts sem diagnóstico prévio de DAC com quantificação da CAC, realizada em 2.009. A CAC foi obtida em tomografia multislice de 64 cortes, sem contraste, com aquisição sincronizada ao ECG, 120kV, 80-100mA, radiação < 1mSv, e medida pelo escore de cálcio de Agatston (EC) (limiar de 130 HU). Média, mediana e testes diagnósticos foram utilizados. Resultados: Avaliamos 263 pts (171 homens), com 59±13 anos, IMC = 27,7kg/m2 e seguimento médio de 18 ± 3 meses. O EC total foi 199,5 ± 24,39. Nos pacientes diabéticos (DM), o EC foi de 320,5 ± 67,56 e de 166 ± 24,47 nos não DM. Os 23 pacientes que foram revascularizados apresentaram EC médio de 692 ± 72,3 versus 134,7 ± 21,35 dos pacientes não revascularizados (p< 0,001). Dos 47 pts com EC ≥ 400, 17 (36,1%) foram revascularizados e dos 216 pts com EC< 400, 6 (2,6%) foram revascularizados (p< 0,001). Dos pts revascularizados, 15 sem DM tiveram EC médio de 672,7 ± 92,04 versus 728,3 ± 11 dos DM (8pts). Nos pts não revascularizados e sem DM (191 pts), apenas 18 pts tinham EC ≥ 400. Conclusão: O EC ≥ 400 foi forte preditor de revascularização com boa performance diagnóstica em pacientes sem diagnóstico prévio de DAC, no seguimento de 18 meses.

Volumen de placas coronarias calcificadas por tomografía computarizada y presencia de estenosis significativa por angiografía coronaria / Volume of coronary calcified plaques by computed tomography and presence of significant stenosis by coronary angiography

Introducción: La presencia de calcio en las arterias coronarias es prácticamente patognomónica de aterosclerosis. En 1990, Agatston diseñó un método para cuantificar el puntaje de calcio coronario a través de la tomografía computarizada. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre el volumen de las placas calcificadas en las arterias coronarias determinado por tomografía de 64 cortes y la presencia de estenosis coronaria significativa diagnosticada por coronariografía invasiva. Método: Se estudiaron consecutivamente 150 pacientes, 66.6% varones, programados para coronariografía invasiva. Previo a este procedimiento, se les cuantificó el puntaje de calcio por arteria y por paciente a través de la tomografía. Se incluyeron 128 placas calcificadas, a las que se les determinó el volumen a través del método de Callister introducido en el año 1998. Las placas se consideraron pequeñas si el volumen era ≤ 10 mm³ y grandes si >10 mm³. Resultados: Se asociaron a estenosis coronaria significativa 79% de las placas con volumen mayor a 10 mm³, contra 17% con volumen pequeño (p < 0.0001). Más de 75% de las placas con volumen mayores de 10 mm³ en las arterias circunfleja, descendente anterior y coronaria derecha, se asociaron a estenosis coronaria significativa en el segmento de la placa (p < 0.0001). Correlación de Spearman 0.8. La sensibilidad y especificidad diagnóstica de estenosis coronaria significativa fueron 98.7% y 71.7 % respectivamente para un valor de corte 6.5 mm³ con un área bajo la curva de 0.88 ± 0.32 (IC 95%, 0.815 a 0.940). Conclusiones: Se observó asociación entre el volumen de las placas calcificadas circunscritas en las arterias coronarias diagnosticada por tomografía computada y la presencia de estenosis coronaria significativa diagnosticada por coronariografía invasiva.

Background: Coronary artery calcium is almost patognomonic of atherosclerosis. In 1990, Agatston designed a method to measure the coronary calcium score by computed tomography. Our aim was to establish the association between coronary calcified plaque volumes calculated by 64 slice computed tomography and the presence of significant coronary stenosis diagnosed by invasive coronary angiography. Method: 150 consecutive patients, 66.6% male, scheduled for invasive coronary angiography were studied. Coronary calcium score was measured per patient and per artery by computed tomography previous to invasive coronary angiography. 128 calcified plaques were enrrolled and volume was determined by Callister method introduced in 1998. According to the volume, the plaques were classified in two groups: small if volume ≤ 10 mm³ and big if > 10 mm³. Results: In 79% of plaques with a volume > 10 mm³, significant coronary stenosis was detected by invasive coronary angiography versus 17% with small volume (p < 0.0001). More than 75% of plaques with volume > 10 mm³ in circumflex artery, anterior descending artery and right coronary artery were associated with significant coronary stenosis (p < 0.0001). Spearman correlation was 0.8. The sensitivity and specificity of significant coronary stenosis were 98.7% and 71.7% respectively for a cut off value of 6,5 mm³, area under the curve of 0,88 ± 0,32 (CI 95%, 0.815 to 0.940). Conclusions: Association between coronary calcified plaque volume diagnosed by computed tomography and the presence of significant coronary stenosis diagnosed by invasive coronary angiography was observed.